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Posts Tagged ‘History’

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Of the more than one hundred books that H. G. Wells published in his lifetime, this is one of the most ambitious. Spanning the origins of the Earth to the outcome of World War I, A Short History of the World is an engrossing account of the evolution of life and the development of the human race. Wells brings his monumental learning and penetrating historical insight to bear on the Neolithic era, the rise of Judaism, the Golden Age of Athens, the life of Christ, the rise of Islam, the discovery of America, the Industrial Revolution, and a host of other subjects. Breathtaking in scope, this thought-provoking masterwork remains one of the most readable and rewarding of its kind.

A Short History of the World

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Egypt occupies a central position in the Arab world. Its borders between sand and sea have existed for millennia and yet, until 1952, the country was ruled by foreigners. Afaf al-Sayyid Marsot explores the paradoxes of Egypt’s history in a new edition of her successful A Short History of Modern Egypt. Charting the years from the Arab conquest, through the age of the Mamluks, Egypt’s incorporation into the Ottoman Empire, the liberal experiment in constitutional government in the early twentieth century, followed by the Nasser and Sadat years, the new edition takes the story up to the present day. During the Mubarak era, Egyptians have seen major changes with the rise of globalization and its effects on their economy, the advent of new political parties, the entrenchment of Islamic fundamentalism and the consequent changing attitudes to women. This short history is ideal for students and travelers.

A History of Egypt: From the Arab Conquest to the Present

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest tombstone on the list of the Seven Wonders of the Antique World. The Great Pyramid took about 20 years to complete, and several theories are debated by scholars as to how it was built and by whom. Some theories point to slave labor, but it seems more reasonable that Egyptians themselves lent their efforts, working during the times of year when the Nile was flooded and their farm work would not have been possible. It would have been a sort of civil service. Sphinx is an image of a recumbent lion with a human head invented by the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom, and is a cultural import in Greek mythology. Sakkara is one of the most wide archaeological sites in Egypt! It was the burial ground for Memphis, the capital of Ancient Egypt, yet it is still one of the virgin archaeological sites, despite the fact that so much has already been found here! The Egyptian museums describe the history and historical events of Egypt.

Mohamed Ali Mosque is surrounded by the most attractive Mosques in Egypt. It stands proudly on the highest point inside the courtyard of the Citadel of Saladin, and is also called the Alabaster Mosque. The architect was Yousf Boushnaq, a Turkish man who had come over from Istanbul to construct this huge Mosque for Mohamed Ali, the ruler of Egypt from1805 until 1849. He based his strategy on the Sultan Ahamed Mosque in Istanbul, and the building began in 1830 A.D. The work sustained ceaselessly until the death of Mohamed Ali in 1849, and had to be over during the reign of his successors.

Construction of the Abu Simbel Temple complex started in approximately 1284 BC and lasted for circa 20 years, until 1264 BC. Their purpose was to impress Egypt’s southern neighbors, and also to support the status of Egyptian religion in the region. This is the great temple of Abu Simbel, dedicated to the glory of pharao Ramses II. Philae Island was a rocky island in the middle of the River Nile, south of Aswan. It was called in Hieroglyphic “Apo” which means Ivory. It was also known by the Greek “Elephantine”, most likely because it was an important centre of trade, especially for ivory.

Right-travel is one of the most important archaeological sites in the world. It is much more than what we refer to as the Valley of the Kings, though many have called the whole of the area by that name. The Egyptian faith that “To speak the name of the dead is to make him live again” is surely carried out in the building of the tombs. The king’s formal names and titles are inscribed in his tomb along with his images and statues.

The temple of Karnak was known as Ipet-isut (Most select of places) and was devoted to the Theben triad of Amen, Mut and Khonsu. It is actually a complex of three main temples, smaller enclosed temples, and several outer temples. This vast complex was built and enlarged over a thirteen hundred year period. Karnak is the biggest temple complex in the world, covering an area of 100 hectares.

Luxor Temple is a large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the east bank of the River Nile in the city today known as Luxor. Many festivals were celebrated in Thebes. The Temple of Luxor was the center of the most important one, the festival of Opet. Built largely by Amenhotep III and Ramesses II, it appears that the temple’s purpose was for a suitable setting for the rituals of the festival. The festival itself was to reconcile the human aspect of the ruler with the divine office.

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A view into the sophisticated and highly advanced civilization that preceded the world of the pharaohs

• Presents historical evidence of the civilization ruled by the “gods” that the Egyptians claimed preceded their own

• Explains who these prehistoric people were, what happened to them, and why they built a series of pyramids along the west bank of the Nile River

Traditional Egyptologists have long resisted the notion that the architectural achievements of the Ancient Egyptians required the existence of a much more sophisticated technology than would have existed at that time. Yet, no records exist explaining how, why, or who built Egypt’s megalithic monuments and statues. The ancient Egyptians did, however, record that their civilization resided in the shadow of a kingdom of “gods” whose reign ended many thousands of years before their first dynasty. What was this Civilization X that antiquity’s most accomplished people revered as gods?

The recent discovery of a large stone at one of Egypt’s oldest ruins presents physical evidence that clearly and distinctly shows the markings of a machining process far beyond the capabilities of the Ancient Egyptians. Likewise, experimental modeling of the Great Pyramid’s subterranean chambers and passageways gives scientific evidence to further support the theory that the civilization responsible for such magnificent monuments is much older than presently believed. Ancient Egypt 39,000 BCE examines this evidence from historical and technical points of view, explaining who these prehistoric people were, what happened to them, why they built their civilization out of granite, and why they built a series of pyramids along the west bank of the Nile River.

Ancient Egypt 39,000 BCE: The History, Technology, and Philosophy of Civilization X

Egyptian Dynasties 13-20
The rulers from dynasties 13 through 17 are contemporaries of one another to a large extent but one very significant event occurs during this time. The Hyksos rulers arise at the end of the 17th Dynasty and rule for 94 years. The Hyksos rulers are invaders from Canaan that capture Egypt. Their most noteworthy cultural contribution is the domestication of horses. It was the horse and its use in battle that was probably responsible for their rise to power in Egypt.
Pharoah Ahmose, the first king of 18th dynasty drives out the Hyksos rulers and brings the control of Egypt back to the Egyptian natives.
Dynasties 19 and 20 introduce us to Ramesses Kings I-XI. These kings are the kings of the Hebrew enslavement in Egypt.
There are two events in the Old Testament that serve as anchor points for this part of the Egyptian timeline, the death of Joseph and the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt. Let’s take a look at the Exodus first. Conventional Chronology suggests that Ramesses II is the pharaoh of the Hebrew Exodus. I believe the Hebrew Exodus has to occur after Ramesses II because of the presence of the Philistine people in the history of the Hebrews. If the Exodus occurs during the reign of Ramesses II then the army of Ramesses III would not be strong enough to repel the Sea Peoples (a group that historians believe included the Philistines).
Why? The entire army of the pharaoh of the Exodus is drowned in the Red Sea (Exodus 14:15-18): “And the LORD said unto Moses, Wherefore criest thou unto me? speak unto the children of Israel, that they may go forward: But lift thou up thy rod, and stretch out thine hand over the sea, and divide it: and the children of Israel shall go on dry ground through the midst of the sea. And I, behold, I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians, and they follow them: and I will get me honor upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host, upon his chariots, and upon his horseman”. There are historical records that in his eighth year Ramesses III kept the Sea Peoples from conquering Egypt and so the Sea Peoples resolved themselves to settle in Canaan.
Let’s assume that the Hebrew Exodus happened in the eighth year of Ramesses III after the Sea Peoples have been defeated. If the crossing of the Red Sea occurs in 1301 B.C. (according to the Fourth Day Chronology) then Joseph’s death would have occurred 1659 B.C. during the reign of Ahmose in the 18th Dynasty. Recall what the book of Joshua says about the death of Joseph (Exodus 1:6-8): “And Joseph died, and all his brethren, and all that generation. And the people of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and waxed exceedingly mighty; and the land was filled with them. Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, who knew not Joseph.”
If the king mentioned in these verses is Ahmose, how is it he does not know Joseph, given Joseph’s service to the nation of Egypt? It is because Joseph served the Hyksos kings and Ahmose is the king responsible for ending the long reign of the invaders from Palestine, the Hyksos kings. Ahmose knows exactly who Joseph was; Joseph was a respected leader in the regime of his enemy. This is why Ahmose treated the Hebrews so harshly. Therefore the Exodus is a good anchor point for the reign of Ramesses III in the 20th Dynasty and the death of Joseph is a good anchor point for the beginning of the 18th Dynasty. This being the case this portion of the Conventional Egyptian Chronology, the 18th through the 20th dynasties, should be shifted earlier by 124 years. Egyptian Dynasties 18-20 are shown below using the adjusted timeline based on the Fourth Day Chronology of the Bible. Significant characters from the Bible are referenced with the timeline so that archaeologists and historians may look for evidence of these Biblical characters during the life of their contemporary Egyptian king. All dates are given in astronomical years B.C.
Egyptian Dynasties 21-26
This period of time is best understood when we start from Dynasty 26 and then move backwards in time to Dynasty 21. Dynasty 26 is easily dated since the next to last king of this dynasty, Amasis II, dies in the same year that Cambyses of the Persian Empire invaded Egypt. According to the Fourth Day Chronology Cambyses conquered Egypt in 345 B.C., therefore this period on the Conventional Egyptian Chronology timeline should be shifted later by 181 years. Now let’s shift the entire timeline from Dynasties 21-26 by 181 years and make some observations.
Let’s consider Shoshenk I of the 22nd Dynasty, the presumed Shishak of the Old Testament. According to the Literal Biblical Chronology Shishak conquered Rehoboam in the 5th year of Rehoboam’s reign or 780 B.C. When the Conventional Egyptian Chronology is adjusted by 181 years forward in time the reign of Shoshenk I is 764-743 B.C. While not completely in agreement with the Fourth Day Chronology this result is very close. Small errors in the length of the reigns of the kings from the 22nd to the 26th dynasty in the Conventional Egyptian Chronology could account for this disparity in the results.
Therefore using the events of Cambyses’s invasion of Egypt and Shishak’s invasion of Israel the adjusted Egyptian Chronology for dynasties 21-26 is presented below. Notice that Egypt is split between the Tanite (city of Tanus) and Theban (city of Thebes) kingdoms in the 21st dynasty. Also notice that the 23rd dynasty overlaps the 22nd dynasty and the 24th, 25th and 26th dynasties overlap with each other to some extent. The reigns of the kings of Judah are provided below to relate their reigns to the reigns of their respective contemporary Egyptian ruler.

• ISBN13: 9781564148421
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• Notes: Brand New from Publisher. No Remainder Mark.

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The nursery rhyme begins, “In fourteen hundred and ninety two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” Less well-known is the line that follows: “…to learn if the old maps were true.” How can there be “old maps” of a land no one knew existed? Were others here before Columbus? What were their reasons for coming and what unexplained artifacts did they leave behind?

The oceans were highways to America rather than barriers, and when discoverers put ashore, they were greeted by unusual inhabitants. In Discovering the Mysteries of Ancient America, the author of The Atlantis Encyclopedia turns his sextant towards this hemisphere. Here is a collection of the most controversial articles selected from seventy issues of the infamous Ancient American magazine. They range from the discovery of Roman relics in Arizona and California’s Chinese treasure, to Viking rune-stones in Minnesota and Oklahoma and the mysterious religions of ancient Americans. Many questions will be raised including:

What role did extraterrestrials have in the lives of ancient civilizations?

What ancient pyramids and towers tell us about the people who built them?

Are they some sort of portals to another dimension?

What prehistoric technologies have been discovered, and what can they tell us about early settlers, their religious beliefs, and possible other-worldly visitors?

Did El Dorado exist, and what of the legendary Fountain of Youth?

Was Atlantis in Cuba?

What are America’s lost races and what happened to them?

Discovering the Mysteries of Ancient America brings to the fore the once-hidden true past of America’s earliest civilizations

Frank Joseph is the author of The Atlantis Encyclopedia (New Page Books), as well as a dozen other books on history, prehistory, and metaphysics. He has been the editor-in-chief of Ancient American magazine since its first issue in 1993. He lives in Wisconsin.

Wayne May is the founder-publisher of Ancient American. Laura Lee is the award-winning producer and host of the nationally syndicated “The Laura Lee Show”. David Hatcher Childress wrote the best-selling Lost Cities series. Zecharia Sitchin is the author of the best-selling Earth Chronicles series. Andrew Collins is world-renowned for his consistent bestsellers, including Gateway to Atlantis.

Discovering the Mysteries of Ancient America: Lost History And Legends, Unearthed And Explored

• ISBN13: 9780452288775
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• Notes: Brand New from Publisher. No Remainder Mark.

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The world’s greatest archaeological finds and what they tell us about lost civilizations

Renowned archaeologist Patrick Hunt brings his top ten list of ancient archaeological discoveries to life in this concise and captivating book. The Rosetta Stone, Troy, Nivenah’s Assyrian Library, King Tut’s Tomb, Machu Picchu, Pompeii, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Thera, Olduvai Gorge, and the Tomb of 10,000 Warriors—Hunt reveals the fascinating stories of these amazing discoveries and explains the ways in which they added to our knowledge of human history and permanently altered our worldview. Part travel guide to the wonders of the world and part primer on ancient world history, Ten Discoveries That Rewrote History captures the awe and excitement of finding a lost window into ancient civilization.

Ten Discoveries That Rewrote History

• ISBN13: 9780192804587
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I>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt uniquely covers 700,000 years of ancient Egypt, from c. 700,000 BC to AD 311. Following the story from the Egyptians’ prehistoric origins to their conquest by the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, this book resurrects a fascinating society replete with remarkable historical information. It investigates such subjects as the changing nature of life and death in the Nile valley to some of the earliest masterpieces of art, architecture, and literature in the ancient world. The authors–an international team of experts working at the cutting edge of their particular fields–outline the principal sequence of political events, including detailed examinations of the three so-called ‘intermediate periods’ which were previously regarded as ‘dark ages’ and are only now beginning to be better understood. They also examine cultural and social patterns, including stylistic developments in art and literature. Addressing the issues surrounding this distinctive culture, vividly relating the rise and fall of ruling dynasties, exploring colorful personalities, and uncovering surprising facts, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt is certain to enrich our understanding of this endlessly intriguing civilization. “Brimming with…intriguing facts…also provides a first-rate overview of le progres Egyptien–from the period when Homo erectus first stalked the land right up to Octavian’s triumphant entry into Egypt in 30 BC.”–The Times (London) (on the previous edition)Amazon.com Review
One of the most vexing problems in Egyptology is the question of establishing reliable chronologies, whether through relative methods such as stratigraphy and the dating of artifacts or through more absolute time horizons established by astronomical ephemera or radiometric dating. In this overview of ancient Egypt–meant for advanced students, but accessible to general readers with an interest in the area–Ian Shaw and 13 contributors pay close attention to issues of chronology, reconciling conflicts of dating that mark older scholarship.

While doing so, they address other problems in the study of ancient Egypt, such as the lack of material evidence of early humans in the region and the increasing destruction of sites in the face of contemporary urban growth. Elsewhere, they remark on the principal developments that distinguish periods in Egyptian prehistory, such as the Old Kingdom’s use of large-scale building projects to consolidate power and “remind people of the greatness of pharaonic civilization,” and the Middle and New kingdoms’ apparent openness to foreigners, which lent Egypt a cosmopolitan, multicultural air that persisted for centuries during long periods of domination by outside powers such as Persia and Rome. Highly useful as a reference and survey, this handsomely illustrated book is a fine addition to any Egyptophile’s collection. –Gregory McNamee

The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt

• ISBN13: 9781564148971
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Despite being enmeshed in a culture steeped in technology and science, the magic and mysteries of the ancient world can still haunt our imagination. Through their architecture, artefacts and deeds, ancient cultures speak to us across thousands of dusty years—from the labyrinthine palace of Knossos on Crete and the lofty pyramids of Egypt to the remotest jungle temples of Peru and the megalithic mystery of Stonehenge.

Hidden History brings together a fascinating selection of these ancient enigmas, arranging them into three sections: Mysterious Places, Unexplained Artefacts, and Enigmatic People. You’ll discover fascinating facts about: • The Great Sphinx—Mysticism and archaeology collide in the ongoing debate over this enigmatic monument. • Mystery Hill—Who built the intriguing megalithic complex lying 40 miles north of Boston? • The Antikythera Mechanism—An ancient Greek computer found beneath the Aegean Sea. • The Giant Hill-Figures of England—The Uffington White Horse and other huge chalk figures cut into the English countryside thousands of years ago. • The Queen of Sheba—Clues to the real identity of this mighty ruler famous for her Biblical visit to King Solomon • Newgrange—Hundreds of years older than the Giza Pyramid and Stonehenge. Who were the builders of this Irish megalithic monument?

Hidden History fills the gap between archaeology and alternative history using the latest available data and a common sense, open-minded approach. The book discusses not only ancient history’s major mysteries, but also some of the puzzles of alternative history—like the “Coso Artefact,” the possibility of ancient flight, and the mysterious “Voynich Manuscript”—as well as mysterious peoples from the Magi and the Druids to the Knights Templar and the Green Children.

With more than 50 photographs and illustrations, this is the ideal reference work for those interested in the archaeology of these great enigmas.

Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries

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Temples, Tombs and Hieroglyphs: A Popular History of Ancient Egypt